Dna structure, replication, protein synthesis, and mutations
Protein Synthesis and Mutation test, 11/1
**Optional Study Guides: DNA to Protein; Practice Protein synthesis; Dna, rna, protein; mutations; protein syn pic
DNA, rna, rEPLICATION, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Notes
Cwk and Hwk 10/11: ; Complete the DNA Structure coloring, cutting, and assembly of the polymer
Hwk for 10/14: DNA Structure and Replication POGIL--Models 1 and 2 ONLY
Cwk for 10/24: blocks 1 and 2 need to complete their DNA Alien; all blocks complete the DNA Mutation Notes and DNA Mutations Practice Wkst. If not complete, finish in class on 10/25.
Cwk for 10/25: block 4 midterm; block 1 and 2 only need to complete the DNA Mutations Practice Wkst
if not finished; blocks 1 and 2 should also complete the "Connect the Dots...DNA to Disease" in class activity; all classes should also complete the DNA and Central Dogma Webquest--due Tuesday, 10/29
Cwk for 10/24: blocks 1 and 2 need to complete their DNA Alien; all blocks complete the DNA Mutation Notes and DNA Mutations Practice Wkst. If not complete, finish in class on 10/25.
Cwk for 10/25: block 4 midterm; block 1 and 2 only need to complete the DNA Mutations Practice Wkst
if not finished; blocks 1 and 2 should also complete the "Connect the Dots...DNA to Disease" in class activity; all classes should also complete the DNA and Central Dogma Webquest--due Tuesday, 10/29
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Essential Standard:
Bio 1.1 Understand the relationship between structures and functions of cells and their organelles
Bio 3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and of DNA
Bio 4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms
Clarifying Objectives:
Bio.1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.
Bio.3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell.
Bio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.
Bio.3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.
Bio 4.1.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms
Unpacking – What does this standard mean a child will know, understand, and be able to do?
Bio 1.1.3
• Explain that multicellular organisms begin as undifferentiated masses of cells and that variation in DNA expression and gene activity determines the differentiation of cells and ultimately their specialization.
▪ During the process of differentiation, only specific parts of the DNA are activated; the parts of the DNA that are activated determine the
function and specialized structure of a cell.
▪ Because all cells contain the same DNA, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell; however, once a cell differentiates,
the process cannot be reversed.
▪ Nearly all of the cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same chromosomes and DNA.
▪ Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells, influenced by the cell's environment and past history.
Bio.3.1.1
• Develop a cause-and-effect model relating the structure of DNA to the functions of replication and protein synthesis:
▪ The structure of DNA is a double helix or “twisted ladder” structure. The sides are composed of alternating phosphate-sugar groups and
“rungs of the DNA ladder” are composed of complementary nitrogenous base pairs (always adenine, A, to thymine, T, and cytosine, C, to
guanine, G) joined by weak hydrogen bonds.
▪ The sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for proteins, which is central key to cell function and life.
▪ Replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and allows daughter cells to have an exact copy of parental DNA.
▪ Cells respond to their environments by producing different types and amounts of protein.
▪ With few exceptions, all cells of an organism have the same DNA but differ based on the expression of genes.
• Infer the advantages (injury repair) and disadvantages (cancer) of the overproduction, underproduction or production of proteins at the
incorrect times.
Bio.3.1.2
• Explain the process of protein synthesis:
▪ Transcription that produces an RNA copy of DNA, which is further modified into the three types of RNA
▪ mRNA traveling to the ribosome (rRNA)
▪ Translation – tRNA supplies appropriate amino acids
▪ Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Polypeptide chains form protein molecules. Proteins can be structural
(forming a part of the cell materials) or functional (hormones, enzymes, or chemicals involved in cell chemistry).
• Interpret a codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence produced by a particular sequence of bases.
• Explain how an amino acid sequence forms a protein that leads to a particular function and phenotype (trait) in an organism.
Bio.3.1.3
• Understand that mutations are changes in DNA coding and can be deletions, additions, or substitutions. Mutations can be random and spontaneous or caused by radiation and/or chemical exposure.
• Develop a cause and effect model in order to describe how mutations change amino acid sequence, protein function, and phenotype. Only mutations in sex cells (egg and sperm) or in the gamete produced from the primary sex cells can result inheritable changes.
Bio.4.1.2
• Recall that the sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for specific amino acids which link to form proteins.
• Identify the five nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G and U) found in nucleic acids as the same for all organisms.
• Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
Note: Students are not expected to memorize the names and/or structures or characteristics of the 20 amino acids. The focus should be on the fact that side chains are what make each of the amino acids different and determine how they bond and fold in proteins.(Relate to Bio.3.1.2)
Key Vocabulary:
3rd Tier Words: DNA, chromosomes, heredity, trait/phenotype, double helix, nucleic acid, nucleotide, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, complementary base pairing, hydrogen bonds, DNA replication, protein synthesis, gene, protein, codon, transcription, messenger RNA, ribose, uracil, translation, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, anticodon, amino acid, peptide bond, polypeptide, gene expression, differentiation, gene regulation, point mutation (substitution), frameshift mutation (deletion/insertion), neutral mutation, lethal mutation, gamete, somatic cell, mutagen, structural protein, functional protein, supercoil, anti-parallel, leading strand, lagging strand
2nd Tier Words: segment, linked, portion, origin, coil, exposed, free floating, fold, synthesized, motify, sequence, template, fragment, inheritable, assemble, unzip, facilitate, interpret, activate, mutate, abnormal, premature, variation, random, attach
Common Misconceptions:
Essential Questions
Criteria for Success: “I Will”
1.1.3
What controls the differentiation and specialization of cells?
How are different cell types produced by a multicellular organism?
3.1.1
What is the structure of DNA?
How is DNA copied so that newly produced cells have a copy?
What makes the DNA of various species (or individuals within a species) different?
How does the structure of an organism’s DNA code for that organism’s traits?
3.1.2
How are proteins made from the DNA code?
Why do proteins determine the traits of an organism?
3.1.3
What happens when DNA replication goes wrong?
How do mutations affect an organism?
4.1.2
How are DNA and proteins related?
Bio 1.1 Understand the relationship between structures and functions of cells and their organelles
Bio 3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and of DNA
Bio 4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms
Clarifying Objectives:
Bio.1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.
Bio.3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell.
Bio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.
Bio.3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.
Bio 4.1.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms
Unpacking – What does this standard mean a child will know, understand, and be able to do?
Bio 1.1.3
• Explain that multicellular organisms begin as undifferentiated masses of cells and that variation in DNA expression and gene activity determines the differentiation of cells and ultimately their specialization.
▪ During the process of differentiation, only specific parts of the DNA are activated; the parts of the DNA that are activated determine the
function and specialized structure of a cell.
▪ Because all cells contain the same DNA, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell; however, once a cell differentiates,
the process cannot be reversed.
▪ Nearly all of the cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same chromosomes and DNA.
▪ Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells, influenced by the cell's environment and past history.
Bio.3.1.1
• Develop a cause-and-effect model relating the structure of DNA to the functions of replication and protein synthesis:
▪ The structure of DNA is a double helix or “twisted ladder” structure. The sides are composed of alternating phosphate-sugar groups and
“rungs of the DNA ladder” are composed of complementary nitrogenous base pairs (always adenine, A, to thymine, T, and cytosine, C, to
guanine, G) joined by weak hydrogen bonds.
▪ The sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for proteins, which is central key to cell function and life.
▪ Replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and allows daughter cells to have an exact copy of parental DNA.
▪ Cells respond to their environments by producing different types and amounts of protein.
▪ With few exceptions, all cells of an organism have the same DNA but differ based on the expression of genes.
• Infer the advantages (injury repair) and disadvantages (cancer) of the overproduction, underproduction or production of proteins at the
incorrect times.
Bio.3.1.2
• Explain the process of protein synthesis:
▪ Transcription that produces an RNA copy of DNA, which is further modified into the three types of RNA
▪ mRNA traveling to the ribosome (rRNA)
▪ Translation – tRNA supplies appropriate amino acids
▪ Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Polypeptide chains form protein molecules. Proteins can be structural
(forming a part of the cell materials) or functional (hormones, enzymes, or chemicals involved in cell chemistry).
• Interpret a codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence produced by a particular sequence of bases.
• Explain how an amino acid sequence forms a protein that leads to a particular function and phenotype (trait) in an organism.
Bio.3.1.3
• Understand that mutations are changes in DNA coding and can be deletions, additions, or substitutions. Mutations can be random and spontaneous or caused by radiation and/or chemical exposure.
• Develop a cause and effect model in order to describe how mutations change amino acid sequence, protein function, and phenotype. Only mutations in sex cells (egg and sperm) or in the gamete produced from the primary sex cells can result inheritable changes.
Bio.4.1.2
• Recall that the sequence of nucleotides in DNA codes for specific amino acids which link to form proteins.
• Identify the five nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G and U) found in nucleic acids as the same for all organisms.
• Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
Note: Students are not expected to memorize the names and/or structures or characteristics of the 20 amino acids. The focus should be on the fact that side chains are what make each of the amino acids different and determine how they bond and fold in proteins.(Relate to Bio.3.1.2)
Key Vocabulary:
3rd Tier Words: DNA, chromosomes, heredity, trait/phenotype, double helix, nucleic acid, nucleotide, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogen bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, complementary base pairing, hydrogen bonds, DNA replication, protein synthesis, gene, protein, codon, transcription, messenger RNA, ribose, uracil, translation, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, anticodon, amino acid, peptide bond, polypeptide, gene expression, differentiation, gene regulation, point mutation (substitution), frameshift mutation (deletion/insertion), neutral mutation, lethal mutation, gamete, somatic cell, mutagen, structural protein, functional protein, supercoil, anti-parallel, leading strand, lagging strand
2nd Tier Words: segment, linked, portion, origin, coil, exposed, free floating, fold, synthesized, motify, sequence, template, fragment, inheritable, assemble, unzip, facilitate, interpret, activate, mutate, abnormal, premature, variation, random, attach
Common Misconceptions:
- Genes are proteins.
- The actions of protein molecules do not affect an organism's behaviors.
- The actions of protein molecules do not affect a human's behaviors.
- The actions of protein molecules do not affect an insect's behaviors.
- The actions of protein molecules do not affect a bird's behaviors.
Essential Questions
Criteria for Success: “I Will”
1.1.3
What controls the differentiation and specialization of cells?
How are different cell types produced by a multicellular organism?
- I will explain that every cell of a multicellular organism contains a complete copy of the organism’s DNA and that the DNA is the same in all cells.
- I will explain that cells can be differentiated by the parts of the DNA that are “turned on” in the cell.
3.1.1
What is the structure of DNA?
How is DNA copied so that newly produced cells have a copy?
What makes the DNA of various species (or individuals within a species) different?
How does the structure of an organism’s DNA code for that organism’s traits?
- I will label the components of a model of DNA
- I will determine the complementary nitrogen base sequence when given the sequence of one strand
- I will compare/contrast the DNA structure of two different species or individuals
- I will explain the stages of DNA replication
- I will explain that a “gene” is a section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein and that proteins determine an organism’s traits
- I will explain that all (most) cells of an organism contains the same DNA, but that different cells produce different proteins because different genes are expressed
- I will describe examples of the results of overproduction and underproduction of protein
3.1.2
How are proteins made from the DNA code?
Why do proteins determine the traits of an organism?
- I will describe the differences in DNA and RNA structure, including the three types of RNA
- I will analyze the parts of the cell that are related to protein synthesis and evaluate the need to first copy a gene (in the nucleus) and then produce the protein (at the ribosome)
- I will explain the process of transcription, including complementary base pairing of DNA and mRNA nucleotides
- I will explain the process of translation, including interpretation of a mRNA codon chart to determine amino acid sequences
- I will describe the formation of a protein, from amino acids, to polypeptide chain, to 3 dimensional structure with a specific function
- I will explain that proteins are structural and functional materials of an organism and thus determine the physical and physiological traits
3.1.3
What happens when DNA replication goes wrong?
How do mutations affect an organism?
- I will explain that mutations occur during DNA replication or transcription (protein synthesis) and may be random or a result of environmental agents
- I will identify examples of point(substitution) and frameshift (addition/deletion) mutations
- I will analyze the amino acid produced from a “normal” and a mutated strand of DNA
- I will explain that only mutations in gametes can be passed on to an organism’s offspring
4.1.2
How are DNA and proteins related?
- I will explain that DNA is a code for making proteins and that the code is found in the sequence of nitrogen bases.
- I will identify the nitrogen bases that are found in DNA vs. those found in RNA.
- I will explain that a sequence of 3 nitrogen bases forms a DNA triplet/RNA codon and that a codon codes for one amino acid.
- I will summarize the process of protein synthesis – transcription and translation (see 3.1.2).
- I will explain that amino acids link together to form a polypeptide chain which then folds to form a 3D shape which determines its function.